Electrochemical energy storage systems are categorized into different types, according to their mechanisms, including capacitors, supercapacitors, batteries and fuel cells. All battery systems include some main components: anode, cathode, an aqueous/non-aqueous electrolyte and a membrane that separates anode and cathode while being permeable to ions. Being one of the key parts of any new electronic device or electric vehicles, lithium ion batteries have gained great attention in recent years. Lithium ion batteries store/ provide energy by insertion/extraction of lithium ions in/from the structure of the electrode materials in successive charge/discharge cycles. The energy and power densities, determine the batteries performance. In order to improve the energy/power density and cyclic life of a lithium ion battery, its electrode materials and electrolyte must be properly chosen. Cathode materials store energy through intercalation or conversion reactions, while the energy storage mechanism in anode materials are intercalation, conversion reactions or alloying/dealloying. Depending on the electrode material, one or more of the aforementioned mechanisms may take place which directly affect the battery performance. Each group of electrode materials have their own advantages and shortcomings; therefore, proper selection of the electrode material is an important issue in applicability of a lithium ion battery. This review covers the principles of energy storage in lithium ion batteries, anode and cathode materials and the related mechanisms, recent advancements and finally the challenges associated with enhancement of lithium ion batteries.

In this article elimination of glucose from aquatic solution by different methods such as TiO2 nano particles and H2O2 have investigated. Important parameters like pH (2-10) and ratio of nano particles to glucose and other things have accomplished. Best condition was founded as: [H2O2] =100 ppm, [nano-TiO2]=0.03 g/L, initial pH=6, Temperature=65oC The results showed that the degradation process of glucose in aqueous solution follow of the pseudo first-order system.

The use of lithium-ion batteries in electronic devices is growing rapidly. As a result, the demand for the consumption of lithium metal has increased. Although spent lithium-ion batteries contain sources of precious metals, they seriously threaten human health and the environment. Therefore, the recovery of lithium-ion batteries may prevent environmental pollution. The hydrometallurgy method was applied as the recovery process due to its high recovery efficiency, low energy consumption, and high reaction rate. It is widely used in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries. In this research, instead of all reports concerning synthetic wastewater, industrial wastewater containing lithium was used as feed. Effective parameters on lithium recovery in the form of lithium carbonate and its purity were the initial mass of solution to final mass of solution or concentration ratio, the mole ratio of sodium carbonate to lithium sulfate, raffinate usage, and the cooling effects. Results showed that the optimum condition to achieve maximum purity and recovery of lithium carbonate was obtained at a concentration ratio of 15-20. At different tests with the mole ratio of sodium carbonate to lithium sulfate as 1, 1.5, and 2, the highest recovery efficiency was obtained at the ratio of 1.5. The use of sediment-free raffinate in the last stage also played a big role in lithium recovery. To use the raffinate solution, the raffinate must first be removed from the saturated state of sodium sulfate. Then sodium carbonate becomes saturated in raffinate and is added to the original solution. Under the above conditions, lithium carbonate was obtained with a purity of approximately 99% and a recovery of 65%. The combined process of evaporation with cooling was also a proper process for producing lithium carbonate. In this state, the purity and recovery of the final product were approximately 97% and 75%, respectively.

The use of lithium-ion batteries in electronic devices is growing rapidly. As a result, the demand for the consumption of lithium metal has increased. Although spent lithium-ion batteries contain sources of precious metals, they seriously threaten human health and the environment. Therefore, the recovery of lithium-ion batteries may prevent environmental pollution. The hydrometallurgy method was applied as the recovery process due to its high recovery efficiency, low energy consumption, and high reaction rate. It is widely used in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries. In this research, instead of all reports concerning synthetic wastewater, industrial wastewater containing lithium was used as feed. Effective parameters on lithium recovery in the form of lithium carbonate and its purity were the initial mass of solution to final mass of solution or concentration ratio, the mole ratio of sodium carbonate to lithium sulfate, raffinate usage, and the cooling effects. Results showed that the optimum condition to achieve maximum purity and recovery of lithium carbonate was obtained at a concentration ratio of 15-20. At different tests with the mole ratio of sodium carbonate to lithium sulfate as 1, 1.5, and 2, the highest recovery efficiency was obtained at the ratio of 1.5. The use of sediment-free raffinate in the last stage also played a big role in lithium recovery. To use the raffinate solution, the raffinate must first be removed from the saturated state of sodium sulfate. Then sodium carbonate becomes saturated in raffinate and is added to the original solution. Under the above conditions, lithium carbonate was obtained with a purity of approximately 99% and a recovery of 65%. The combined process of evaporation with cooling was also a proper process for producing lithium carbonate. In this state, the purity and recovery of the final product were approximately 97% and 75%, respectively.

In this research, new lithium ion conductor glass-ceramics with NASICON-type structure (Li1+x+yAlxCryGe2-x-y (PO4)3, x+y=0.5) were synthesized using melt-quenching method and converted to glass-ceramics through heat treatment. Influence of addition of different concentrations of aluminum and chromium in LiGe2(PO4)3 glass-ceramic was investigated for ionic conduction improvement. Substitution of Ge4+ions in NASICON structure by Al3+ and Cr3+ions induced more Li+ions in A2 vacant sites to obtain charge balance and also changed the unit cell parameters. These two factors led to ionic conductivity improvement of synthesized glass-ceramics. The glass-ceramics were characterized and the amorth structures were investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Complex Impedance Spectroscopy (CIS). The highest lithium ion conductivity of 8.82´10-3 S/cm was obtained for x=0.4 and y=0.1 (Li1.5Al0.4Cr0.1Ge1.5 (PO4)3) crystallized at 850oC for 8 h with minimum activation energy of 0.267 eV.

A patent analysis method has been applied to study patenting activities on development of liquid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. The method is done via two steps: First, planning a searching strategy and second, an analysis of the information obtained from selected patents. The results showed that the patents on liquid electrolytes for Li-ion cells were published in a time interval of 1964 to 2017 with a significant growing publishing number between 2010 and 2013. The obtained patenting time trend illustrated that the technical knowledge of this technology has been became probably mature and it is predicted that patenting trend in this area will be continued with a slow rate in upcoming years. It was found that Japan, China, South Korea and USA are the most targeted countries for patent publication in this field which is an indicator of their potential market for this technology. Investigation of the competitors patent assignees showed that LG CHEM, Mitsubishi Chemicals, UBE Industries, Sony and Sanyo Electric are the pioneer players having more patented publications among others, respectively.

Despite the extensive use of polyolefins, especially in the form of lithium-ion battery (LIB) separators, their flammability limits their large-scale battery applications. Therefore, the fabrication of flame-retardant LIB separators has attracted much attention in recent years. In this work, composite separators were fabricated by applying a ceramic-based composite coating composed of a metal hydroxide as a filler and flame-retardant agent (Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3) and a binder (Poly(vinylidene Fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), P(VDF-HFP)) to the polypropylene (PP) commercial separator. Thermal shrinkage, thickness, air permeability, porosity, wettability, ionic conductivity, flame retardancy, and electrochemical performance of the fabricated ceramic-coated composite separator were investigated. The results showed that the addition of Al(OH)3 particles improved thermal shrinkage (~8 %) and flame retardancy of the commercial separator, which can prevent dimensional changes at high temperatures and significantly increase LIBs safety. Applied 11 μ m ceramic-based coating layer on PP commercial separator had 76 % porosity that increased the value of air permeability from 278. 15 (s/100 cc air) to 312. 8 (s/100 cc air), causing much facile air permeation through the pores of commercial separator than the composite one. Furthermore, suitable electrolyte uptake and the contact angle of ceramic coated separator (135 % and 91. 19° , respectively) facilitated ion transport through the pores, which effectively improved the ionic conductivity of Al(OH)3-coated PP separator (about 1. 4 times higher than bare separator). Moreover, the cell comprising Al(OH)3-coated PP separator had better cyclic performance than that of bare PP separator. All these characteristics make the fabricated flame-retardant Al(OH)3 composite separator an appropriate candidate to ensure the safety of the large-scale LIB.

The present study aims to introduce Niobium pentoxide-Titanium nanotube (Nb2O5-TNTs) composite as a novel anode material synthesized through hydrothermal method. In this respect, Nb2O5 nanoparticles and TNTs are separately synthesized through sonochemical and anodizing processes, respectively. According to FESEM images, the well-oriented TNTs with inner and outer diameters of 70 and 88 nm, respectively, are well decorated by Nb2O5 nanoparticles. The Nb2O5-TNTs anode shows the areal charge and discharge capacities of 0. 167 mAh/cm2 and 0. 146 mAh/cm2, respectively, at 0. 113 mA/cm2 as well as 60% capacitive storage in 20 mV/s. High power Nb2O5-TNT anode reveals 86% reversible capacity in the 16th cycle with a columbic efficiency of 84% for the 16th cycle. In addition, the charge transfer resistance in TNTs declines from 750 Ω to 680 Ω after decorating by Nb2O5. The superior performance of Nb2O5-TNT composites is taken into account to derive higher charge storage from a capacitive charge storage which is dominant in the diffusion-controlled process. Therefore, Nb2O5-TNT composite can be applied to the next-generation pseudocapacitive anode in lithium-ion batteries.